have + PAST Participle. and HAD + PAST Participle

[nimer]

hi, Pete
first of all thankyou very much for FAST replies.
My Question are with .......
have + PAST Participle. and HAD + PAST Participle

and examples are ........

1. My last email have had a virus .

2. She alone has had to pay the price.

3. they were living with a partner who had had a cardiac event about 1 year earlier.

i am just explaing you my concerns ......... by showing these examples

you evaluate and please tell me the best answer
so i could understand those sentenses easily ........

Thank you very much

[Pete]

hi, Pete
first of all thankyou very much for FAST replies.
My Question are with .......
have + PAST Participle. and HAD + PAST Participle

and examples are ........

1. My last email have had a virus .

2. She alone has had to pay the price.

3. they were living with a partner who had had a cardiac event about 1 year earlier.

i am just explaing you my concerns ......... by showing these examples

you evaluate and please tell me the best answer
so i could understand those sentenses easily ........

Thank you very much
1. My last <strike>email</strike> emails have had a virus.
-- Because the verb "have" goes with plural subjects, I changed "email" to plural. This is an example of the present perfect tense of the verb "have".

2. She alone has had to pay the price.
-- "Has" is the singular form of the verb. This sentence is correct; it is also an example of the present perfect tense.

--NOTE: To learn about verb tenses in English, go to
> http://englishpage.com (You can click on the EnglishPage logo at the top of the page)
and then click on the "Verb Tenses" item in the menu on the left.
Briefly, the present perfect tense is used for an action that takes place sometime during an interval of time that extends to the present.

3. they were living with a partner who had had a cardiac event about 1 year earlier.
-- The form "had had" is the past perfect tense of the verb "have".
-- Briefly, the past perfect tense is used for an action that took place sometime during a time interval that ends at a time in the past.

[Billyum]

hi, Pete
first of all thankyou very much for FAST replies.
My Question are with .......
have + PAST Participle. and HAD + PAST Participle

and examples are ........

1. My last email have had a virus .

2. She alone has had to pay the price.

3. they were living with a partner who had had a cardiac event about 1 year earlier.

i am just explaing you my concerns ......... by showing these examples

you evaluate and please tell me the best answer
so i could understand those sentenses easily ........

Thank you very much

1. My last <strike>email</strike> emails have had a virus.
-- Because the verb "have" goes with plural subjects, I changed "email" to plural. This is an example of the present perfect tense of the verb "have".

Please allow me to add a few comments. Let's go back to the singular email. This will help illustrate [I hope] that the present perfect form is NOT used in all situations, and particularly NOT in all collocations [word combinations].

1. My last email has had a virus. [unnatural to ungrammatical sentence]

One of the most important aspects of the present perfect is to talk about FINISHED actions that have effects at the present time. This is one of the most confusing aspects of English for most ESLs.

Why? Because, it not an ALWAYS thing. This means that it's the speaker choice as to whether present perfect or simple past is used.

Sentence 1, as I noted above sounds strange. For this collocation [means "combination of words] "has had" gives the feeling of a finished action and this word combination is very very unlikely to be chosen by a native speaker.

1a. My computer has gotten a virus from my last email.

OR simple past [My computer got a virus from my last email]

1b. My last email has given my computer a virus.

OR simple past [My last email gave my computer a virus.]

The reason the present perfect sounds okay when Pete changed it to a plural is that we also use the present perfect to talk about a cumulative set of events that have happened over a period of time.

Again these are all finished, but when the results of those finished actions have some importance to the current situation, we often [NOT always] use the present perfect.

2. She alone has had to pay the price.

This is a fine example of the present perfect being used to show how a single past action or a set of events have importance now. The simple past could also be used, as in,

2. She alone had to pay the price.

but this would show, one; the speaker doesn't view it as being so important OR two; the action is long enough past that there really is no longer any important affect to now.